National Electric Code Training and Education

When I went to replace the standard track lighting fixture in my powder room, I realized my home builder didn’t have the wiring coming through an electrical box. I soon realized this was the case in my 2 bathrooms as well. What’s the code on this? Is it OK? Thanks.

Is it against electrical code to have my microwave wired to the same circuit as my kitchen lights (and possibly more)? I think I recall that major appliances require their own circuit. I know electrical codes can depend a lot on the municipality but is this against general electrical codes?